Table 1 ED aggregate and program target pain populations demographic comparisons

Gender

 Female

(64,418) 54.7%

(109,257) 53.8%

 < 0.001

(30,833) 55.6%

(43,290) 54.5%

 < 0.001

 Male

(53,153) 45.2%

(93,544) 46.1%

 < 0.001

(24,606) 44.4%

(36,059) 45.4%

 < 0.001

Race

 Black

(63,043) 53.6%

(107,386) 52.9%

0.128

(29,035) 52.4%

(41,598) 52.3%

0.008

 White

(46,900) 39.9%

(78,955) 38.9%

0.128

(23,182) 41.8%

(32,216) 40.5%

0.008

 Asian

(598) 0.5%

(1,263) 0.6%

(258) 0.5%

(493) 0.6%

 Multi-Racial

(464) 0.4%

(1,022) 0.5%

(208) 0.4%

(400) 0.5%

 Other

(5,454) 4.6%

(10,511) 5.2%

(2,443) 4.4%

(3,869) 4.9%

 Unknown

(1,209) 1.0%

(3,994) 2.0%

(301) 0.5%

(897) 1.1%

Age* (mean)

45.8

46.6

 < 0.001

48.5

48.9

0.005

Ethnicity

 Non-Hispanic

(111,283) 94.6%

(188,778) 92.9%

 < 0.001

(52,791) 95.2%

(73,978) 93.1%

 < 0.001

 Hispanic

(4,837) 4.1%

(10,039) 4.9%

 < 0.001

(2,219) 4.0%

(3,707) 4.7%

 < 0.001

Insurance^b

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Medicaid

(25,385) 20.9%

(44,475) 21.8%

(10,849) 19.6%

(15,576)19.7%

 Medicare

(26,656) 21.0%

(46,490) 22.8%

(14,037) 25.3%

(20,000) 25.3%

 Charity

(25,346) 20.9%

(26,146) 12.8%

(10,775) 19.4%

(9,906) 12.6%

 Self-pay

(10,232) 8.4%

(21,928) 10.8%

(3,185) 5.7%

(5,761) 7.3%

 Commercial

(33,684) 27.7%

(64,148) 31.5%

(16,514) 29.8%

(27,428) 34.8%

 Other

(215) 0.2%

(393) 0.2%

(80) 0.1%

(232) 0.3%

Change in pain score (mean)^c

−2.3

−2.6

 < 0.001

−2.7

−3.1

 < 0.001