Table 4 Clinical findings stratified according to the presence of intracranial injury for the purpose of logistical regression models (N = 582)

Sex

Male

352 (60%)

335 (61%)

17 (49%)

Female

230 (40%)

212 (39%)

18 (51%)

Age (IQR)

79 (73, 85)

79 (73, 85)

79 (71, 85)

Place of Injury

Retirement Home / Senior Facility

70 (13%)

66 (13%)

4 (12%)

Another Healthcare Facility

14 (2.6%)

12 (2.4%)

2 (6.1%)

Home

240 (45%)

230 (46%)

10 (30%)

Outside

213 (40%)

196 (39%)

17 (52%)

Missing

45

43

2

Mechanisms of Injury

Ground-level fall or injury during ground-level fall

465 (81%)

441 (82%)

24 (69%)

Found on the ground, mechanism not clear

43 (7.5%)

41 (7.6%)

2 (5.7%)

Fall from a height (stairs etc.)

38 (6.6%)

30 (5.6%)

8 (23%)

Traffic accident

19 (3.3%)

18 (3.3%)

1 (2.9%)

Interpersonal violence

9 (1.6%)

9 (1.7%)

0 (0%)

Missing

8

8.0

0.0

Cause of Injury

Mechanic

342 (59%)

325 (59%)

17 (49%)

Transient loss of consciousness (TLOC)

70 (12%)

65 (12%)

5 (14%)

Vertigo / seizures

35 (6.0%)

34 (6.2%)

1 (2.9%)

Alcohol intoxication

89 (15%)

78 (14%)

11 (31%)

Unclear

46 (7.9%)

45 (8.2%)

1 (2.9%)

Missing

4

4

0

Usage of blood thinners

None

183 (40%)

165 (39%)

18 (55%)

DOAC

83 (18%)

78 (19%)

5 (15%)

Warfarin

11 (2.4%)

11 (2.6%)

0 (0%)

Antiplatelet

157 (35%)

149 (35%)

8 (24%)

LMWH

17 (3.7%)

15 (3.6%)

2 (6.1%)

Antiplatelet + DOAC

2 (0.4%)

2 (0.5%)

0 (0%)

Antiplatelet + LMWH

1 (0.2%)

1 (0.2%)

0 (0%)

Missing

128

126

2

GCS Score

13

10 (1.7%)

9 (1.6%)

1 (2.9%)

14

77 (13%)

67 (12%)

10 (29%)

15

495 (85%)

471 (86%)

24 (69%)

Pupillary examination - new changes

Equal

581 (99.8%)

546 (99.8%)

35 (100%)

Unequal

1 (0.2%)

1 (0.2%)

0 (0%)

Clinical symptoms after injury

None

338 (58%)

330 (60%)

8 (23%)

Loss of consciousness

17 (2.9%)

15 (2.7%)

2 (5.7%)

Vomiting (≥ 2 episodes)

3 (0.5%)

2 (0.4%)

1 (2.9%)

Amnesia

122 (21%)

117 (21%)

5 (14%)

New focal neurological deficit

9 (1.5%)

5 (0.9%)

4 (11%)

Combination of ≥ 2 symptoms

31 (5.3%)

19 (3.5%)

12 (34%)

Signs of skull fracture

4 (0.7%)

4 (0.7%)

0 (0%)

Diffuse headache

32 (5.5%)

30 (5.5%)

2 (5.7%)

Undocumented / unable to evaluate

26 (4.5%)

25 (4.6%)

1 (2.9%)

New behavioral changes

None

522 (90%)

501 (92%)

21 (60%)

Confusion

48 (8.2%)

42 (7.7%)

6 (17%)

Agitation, irritability, severe restlessness

5 (0.9%)

1 (0.2%)

4 (11%)

Verbal aggression

4 (0.7%)

1 (0.2%)

3 (8.6%)

Physical aggression

3 (0.5%)

2 (0.4%)

1 (2.9%)

Type of injury

No signs of injury

113 (19%)

110 (20%)

3 (8.6%)

Abrasion / wound not requiring suture

157 (27%)

150 (27%)

7 (20%)

Haematoma

138 (24%)

121 (22%)

17 (49%)

Wound requiring suture

174 (30%)

166 (30%)

8 (23%)

Cutaneous Impact Location

No visible CIL

113 (19%)

110 (20%)

3 (8.6%)

Facial

89 (15%)

88 (16%)

1 (2.9%)

Frontal

162 (28%)

150 (27%)

12 (34%)

Scalp

218 (37%)

199 (36%)

19 (54%)

Additional Injuries

None

357 (62%)

345 (64%)

12 (34%)

Wound or contusion anywhere else

97 (17%)

92 (17%)

5 (14%)

Complicated facila bone fracture(s)

39 (6.7%)

37 (6.8%)

2 (5.7%)

Cervical vertebrae fracture

6 (1.0%)

5 (0.9%)

1 (2.9%)

Lower limb fracture

15 (2.6%)

15 (2.8%)

0 (0%)

Upper limb fracture

33 (5.7%)

32 (5.9%)

1 (2.9%)

Pelvic fracture / thoracic or lumbal vertebral fracture

11 (1.9%)

10 (1.8%)

1 (2.9%)

Rib fracture(s)

6 (1.0%)

6 (1.1%)

0 (0%)

Skull fracture

14 (2.4%)

1 (0.2%)

13 (37%)

Missing

4

4

0