Table 3 Themes, categories, and sub-categories obtained through qualitative content analysis
From: Drinking water supply for communities affected by natural disaster emergencies: a qualitative study
Themes | Main-categories | Sub-categories |
|---|---|---|
Prevention and reduction of water supply management challenges | Risk assessment | Simulation of disaster effects |
Accurate understanding of the region climatic and water supply characteristics | ||
Hazard analysis | ||
Identification of vulnerabilities within the system components | ||
Analysis of structural, equipment, and human capacities | ||
Risk transfer | ||
| Â | Legal requirements and standards | Cultural awareness |
Determination of standards related to emergency water supply | ||
Legislation for optimized urban development | ||
Mandatory organizational regulations | ||
Community-oriented laws | ||
| Â | Control measures | Redundancy |
Proper design for emergency conditions | ||
Optimal site selection for water supply facilities and equipment | ||
Strengthening components of the water supply system against disasters | ||
| Â | Strengthening and optimization | Enhancing community resilience |
Improving resilience of the water supply system | ||
Preparedness for an optimal response | Planning | Development of emergency water supply guidelines |
Prevention and mitigation plans | ||
Preparedness plans | ||
Development of emergency operation plans for optimal response | ||
Development of recovery and rehabilitation plans | ||
| Â | Coordination and organization | Organization of rescuers |
Improvement of intra-organizational and inter-organizational coordination | ||
| Â | Training and empowerment | Enhancing public risk awareness and knowledge |
Training water supply managers for emergency situations | ||
Optimizing training using various methods | ||
| Â | Financial resource management | Creation of financial resources |
Facilitation of financial payments for emergency situations | ||
| Â | Management of rapid response water rescue teams | Formation of specialized rapid response teams |
Capacity building and self-sufficiency of rapid response teams | ||
Updating information for rapid response team members | ||
Support for rapid response team members | ||
| Â | Management of machinery, equipment, and essential items for water rescue | Storage of essential items for machinery and equipment |
Needs assessment and stocking of necessary machinery and equipment | ||
Purchase and preparation of community-level crisis shelters | ||
Provision of equipment for quality monitoring, water treatment, water storage, and damage assessment | ||
| Â | Development of infrastructures and systems for command | Enhancing system controllability |
Development of a suitable incident command system | ||
Improvement of command efficiency | ||
Facilitation of communication during emergencies | ||
Designation of a unit responsible for emergency water supply management | ||
Establishment of an Emergency Operations Center (EOC) | ||
Online monitoring of the system | ||
| Â | Emergency water storage | Identification of available water resources |
Creation of water resources | ||
Water storage at all community levels | ||
Identification and enhancement of local bottled water producers’ capacity | ||
| Â | Assessment and needs assessment of water resources | Considering population characteristics in determining required water volume |
Understanding community behaviors regarding water shortages | ||
Necessity of determining the type of water supply for the public before a disaster | ||
Assessment of critical water-dependent facilities in the areas | ||
Estimation of the population requiring water in emergency conditions | ||
Development of a neighborhood-based water supply plan | ||
| Â | Facilitation of access to emergency water resources | Establishment of a network for temporary housing locations |
Minimizing waiting time for the public to receive water | ||
Identification of locations for emergency clean water extraction | ||
Optimal location of storage tanks and extraction valves | ||
| Â | Exercising | Optimizing drills through experience acquisition, realism, and repetition |
Conducting drills with community and designated rescue teams | ||
Drills to test facility performance | ||
Reactive measures | Readiness and initial assessment | Declaration of emergency conditions and rapid assessment |
Issuance of readiness alerts at all levels and activation of emergency response plans | ||
| Â | Emergency training for the public | Education on water supply and purification methods through media |
Public education via emergency training teams | ||
| Â | Safety and security | Adherence to safety, health, and environmental standards |
Establishing security | ||
| Â | Protection of existing safe water resources | Preventing waste of available water |
Safeguarding accessible water resources | ||
Necessity of considering suitable locations for storing bottled water | ||
Utilization of clean and hygienic transfer and storage equipment | ||
| Â | Quality monitoring, emergency water purification, and facilitating access for those in need to safe water resources | Emergency purification of available water |
Distribution of purification equipment considering population dispersion | ||
Online monitoring of the system | ||
Facilitating access to water resources | ||
| Â | Community-based initiatives | Management of volunteer assistance |
Utilization of water resources available to the public | ||
Building trust with disaster-affected individuals | ||
Optimal recovery | Reconstruction | Rapid recovery of the system |
Job creation | ||
Increasing recovery speed | ||
Preserving water resources | ||
| Â | Knowledge management | Damage assessment with the aim of learning from incidents |
Management of lessons learned | ||
| Â | Sustainable development measures | Water supply management |
Emergency management |